A report, commissioned by GambleAware, has found that electronic gaming machines (EGMs) and online casino games pose the highest risks of gambling harm.

The report was conducted by Bournemouth University and analysed combined data from several sources including National Gambling Treatment Service annual statistics and data from GambleAware and GamCare.

Key Findings

Different gambling activities present varying levels of risk based on factors like speed of play, accessibility, and the demographic profile of users. This section outlines the harm levels associated with key gambling products.

• Electronic Gaming Machines (EGMs):
  EGMs, commonly found in bookmakers, are considered the riskiest gambling product. Frequent use of EGMs is also linked to future gambling problems, particularly among younger adults.
• Casino Games:
  Casino games rank as the second most harmful gambling activity. Both online and in-person casino games pose risks, but online versions amplify these risks due to their rapid play mechanics and high reinforcement rates. The ability to make frequent bets within short timeframes increases the likelihood of harm.
• Sports Betting:
  The report found that sports betting is another high-risk activity, especially in-play betting, which allows users to place wagers during live events. Research shows that this format encourages impulsive decision-making and continuous betting, increasing the potential for harm.
• Lotteries:
  Lotteries are generally considered low-risk gambling activities. They involve less frequent participation, lower spending, and minimal opportunities for impulsive betting. However, some forms of lottery products, such as daily lotteries or instant games, carry moderate risks, especially for heavy users.
• Scratch Cards:
  While scratch cards are perceived as a casual gambling activity, the report found that they still pose a moderate level of risk. Harm increases when users spend excessively or exceed their budgets on these games.
• Bingo:
  Bingo has the lowest associated risk of all gambling activities. Traditional bingo involves social engagement and relatively low spending. However, as bingo increasingly moves online, its risk profile may change due to reduced social interaction and greater accessibility.

Online vs. Offline Gambling

According to the report, the form of gambling—whether online or offline—plays a significant role in determining the level of harm associated with the activity.

The report finds that online gambling is often linked to higher levels of harm. Its accessibility, anonymity, and immersive design make it easier for users to engage frequently and impulsively. Many online gamblers participate in multiple activities, which further increases their risk.

Offline gambling generally poses lower risks, though specific activities such as gaming machines in physical bookmakers remain highly harmful. Offline gambling also carries social consequences, with participants more likely to report issues like job loss and relationship breakdowns.

Demographic Insights

The study also examined how gambling behaviors and risks vary across demographic groups, revealing distinct patterns.

• Young Adults (18–34):
  Younger adults are more likely to engage in high-risk gambling activities such as sports betting, EGMs, and casino games. This group often faces heightened risks due to their tendency to gamble impulsively and their preference for high-intensity activities.
• Gender Differences:
  Men are more likely to engage in high-risk gambling, particularly sports betting and gaming machines. While women are traditionally underrepresented in gambling research, their participation in online gambling is growing, warranting further study.
• Ethnic and Religious Factors:
  Gambling participation and harm vary across ethnic and religious groups. Tailored interventions are necessary to address the specific needs and risks of these populations, ensuring inclusivity and effectiveness.

Motivational and Behavioral Factors

Understanding why people gamble and how they engage in gambling activities provides valuable insights into risk levels.

• Multiple Gambling Activities: The research found that individuals who engage in multiple types of gambling activities are more likely to experience harm. The breadth and frequency of gambling often serve as stronger predictors of harm than the specific type of gambling product.
• Gaming-Gambling Overlap: The overlap between video gaming and gambling is an emerging area of concern. Features such as loot boxes and esports betting create gambling-like experiences within games, increasing risks for younger players. These activities blur the line between gaming and gambling, necessitating targeted interventions.

Recommendations

The report makes several recommendations based on its findings.

For Regulation and Policy

Focus on High-Risk Products: Stricter regulations should be implemented for high-risk products like EGMs and online casino games. Measures could include reduced betting stakes, mandatory session breaks, and restrictions on in-play betting to minimize impulsive behavior.

Protect Vulnerable Groups: Tailored harm-reduction initiatives should focus on younger adults and high-risk demographics, offering education and support tailored to their needs.

For Industry Practices

Shared Customer Databases: Operators should create shared databases to identify at-risk players and offer personalized interventions. This approach can help track behaviors across platforms and prevent harm.

Safer by Design: Gambling products should prioritize harm reduction in their design, such as limiting accessibility or incorporating features that encourage responsible gambling.

For Further Research

Longitudinal Studies – Studies that track gambling behaviors over time can help identify patterns and predict future harm.

Gaming-Gambling Features – Research into gambling-like features in video games, such as loot boxes, is essential for developing appropriate regulations and interventions.

Jenny Tang

An experienced iGaming commentator and analyst based in New York City – Jenny reports on regulation and gambling industry news and events.